MAKALAH

CONCEP OF THE TEXT

Diajukan Untuk Memenuhi Tugas Mandiri

Mata Kuliah Bahasa Inggris

Dosen Pengampu:

Oleh

Jurusan Tarbiyah

Progam Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Arab (PBA)

Semester

SEKOLAH TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI

(STAIN) JURAI SIWO METRO

TA 2014/2015

KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT Penulis dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini. Pada Progam Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Arab (PBA) mata kuliah BAHASA INGGRIS yang mana pada setiap makalah ditentukan oleh dosen pengampu.

Penulisan makalah ini adalah salah satu bagian dari tugas mengikuti perkuliahan bahasa inggris.

Kritik dan saran demi perbaikan makalah ini sangat diharapkan dan akan diterima dengan lapang dada. Dan akhirnya semoga makalah yang telah dibuat kiranya dapat bermanfaat bagi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan agama islam dan bagi setiap pembacanya.

Metro, 15 Desember 2014

Penulis

DAFTAR ISI

SAMPUL DEPAN................................................................................................................ i

KATA PENGANTAR....................................................................................................... ii

DAFTAR ISI...................................................................................................................... iii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN.............................................................................................. 1

A. Latar Belakang................................................................................... 1

B. Rumusan Masalah.............................................................................. 1

BAB II PEMBAHASAN............................................................................................... 2

A. Concept of the text ........................................................................... 2

1. Narrative text......................................................................... 2

2. Descriptive text...................................................................... 4

3. Recount text........................................................................... 4

4. Exspository text..................................................................... 5

5. Argument/discussion text....................................................... 7

BAB III PENUTUP....................................................................................................... 9

A. Kesimpulan......................................................................................... 9

B. Kritik dan Saran................................................................................. 9

REFERENSI...................................................................................................................... 10

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

A. LatarBelakang

Karna berbagai jenis teks yang ada dalam bahasa inggris mungkin tidaklah banyak yang tahu tentang teks itu sendiri.

Bermacam-macam jenis teks dalam bahasa inggris itu sendiri seperti :

· Teks narrative

· Teks dekriptive

· Teks recouny

· Teks exspositori

· Teks argumentasi

Bahkan masih banyak yang lain lagi jenis lainnya namun makalah ini akan sedikit mengupas tentang jenis-jenis teks di atas agar menambah khasanah serta pengetahuan kita tentang teks tersebut

B. RumusanMasalah

1. Apa saja jenis text dalam bahasa inggris ?

2. Apa pengertian dari jenis text itu sendiri ?

3. Apa sajakah struktur dalam teks tersebut ?

4. Apa ketentuan dalam setiap text tersebut ?

BAB II

PEMBAHASAN

A. Concep Of The Text

Text can be classified into several types. The term of type is sometime stated as genre. These types of text are[1];

1. Narrative text

2. Descriptive text

3. Recount text

4. Expositori text

5. Argumentation text

These classification on type of text are based on analysis of three main elements of text. These elements of the text are:

1. The purpose of the text; why is the text made?, why is the text made for by its writer.

2. The generic structure of the text; analyzing the used structure in composing the text, in what way is the text constructed by its writer.

3. The language feature; taking a look at the linguistic characterizations of the text, what kind of language feature is used to build the text by its writer.

1. Narrative text

a. Definition of Narrative

Narrative is the text focusing specific participants. Its social function is its tell stories or past events and entertain the readers.

b. Generic structure of Narrative

A narrative text consists if the following structure:

· Orientation: Introducing the participants and informing the time and the place.

· Complication: Describing the rising crises which the participants have to do with.

· Resolution: showing the way of participant to solve the crises, better or worse.

c. Language feature of Narrative

· Using processes verbs

· Using simple past tense

· Using temporal conjunction

d. Example of the text

A Wolf And a Goat

Thirsty wolf arrived at the edge a lake. When about to drink saw a goat was drinking also in that place. But unlike the other goats that will blurred when the saw, one goat This remains calm carry on drinking.
With astonishment, the wolf approached goat.
"Hello goat! How are you doing? "She said
"Oh, good news wolves. How
with you? "said the goat.
"Well well," replied the wolf. "By the say why you're not afraid to see me?
Are not your friends will usually blurred when the see me? "
"Ah, did you forget me?" Said the goat. "Why do not you notice I'm fine and remember, you must know me! " Wolves tried to remember
where he had met with goats this one. Then suddenly he
remember, "O yes I remember! Did not you goat ever save me? "
Wolves recall, at that time he was busy prey when eating beef
suddenly heard the sound of a gun blast and screams goats.
Apparently goats butting hunter so wolf shot missed and survived.
"I'm sorry my friend," said the wolf. "That was I almost did not recognize you. Accept love because you have save me! "
"You're welcome friend!" Said the goat. Then goat and took his leave. In the heart goat grateful not to be predation by wolves.[2]

2. Description text

a. The definition and purpose of Descriptive text

Descriptive text is a text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveals a particular person, place, or thing.

b. The Generic structure of Descriptive

Descriptive text has structure as below:

· Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.

· Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.

c. The language feature of Descriptive text

· Using attributive and identifying process

· Using adjective and classifier in nominal group.

· Using simple present tense.

d. Example of the text

GIZA PYRAMIDS

The pyramids of Giza are the only surviving Ancient Wonder of the World and one of the most famous tourist attractions in the modern world. They are some of the oldest sacred sites in our index and certainly among of the most impressive. (The Great Sphinx of Giza has a separate article.)
Although it is clear the pyramids were used for the burial of pharaohs, the construction, date, and possible symbolism of the Giza pyramids are still not entirely understood.
This mystery only adds to the attractiveness of these ancient wonders and many modern people still regard Giza as a spiritual place. A number of fascinating theories have been offered to explain the "mystery of the pyramids," one of which is summarized below.

Giza is the most important site on earth for many New Age followers, who are drawn by the pyramids' mysteries and ancient origins. Since 1990, private groups have been allowed into the Great Pyramid, and the majority of these have been seekers of the mystical aspects of the site. But even the most skeptical visitor cannot help but be awed by the great age, grand scale and harmonic mathematics of the pyramids of Giza.[3]

3. Recount text

a. Definition of Recount text

Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates from narrative.[4]

b. Generic structure of Recount

· Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time.

· Events: describing series of event that happened in the text.

· Reorientation: it is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story.

c. Language feature of Recount

· Introducing personal participant; I my group, etc

· Using chronological connection; then, first, etc

· Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc

· Using action verb; look, go, change, etc

· Using simple past tense

d. Examples of the text

My Best Friend, Haruka

In Senior high school, I had best friend from Korea. Her name was Haruka. She was beautiful, smart, and low profile. For that many people loved her, included of me myself. It was because, even though she was from foreign country that considered by many students would be arrogant with students in my school, but Haruka was different. She was a good girl. I and Haruka became good friend each other. I was really glad in having friend like her. It was because even though she was from rich family and I was not from rich family. She wanted to have a friend like me. She wanted to share everything to me. So, did I. For the example, when she had something, like knowledge, foods, or even gift, she would give to me. Then, I did the same thing like her, for the example if my mom made a food, traditional food, I would give that food also to Haruka.

One day, I was invited by Haruka’s family to attend Haruka’s birth day. I came to Haruka’s house as shown in invitation card. I was very surprised when I looked the house of Haruka that was very luxurious, and beautiful. I felt afraid to enter Haruka’s house. For that, I only waited on the outside of Haruka’s house. I stood at fence. Then, seven minutes, I stood at fence. I saw Haruka went to out from her house. She came to me and she asked why I did not enter. I did not answer, I only smiled. Then, she said to me that her birthday would not be started without the existence of me. I was very touched in hearing that. I hugged her.

Then, I and Haruka entered to Haruka’s house. Many guests looked at me and Haruka. Then, the party started. Before that, Haruka’s parents introduced me to the guests that I was the best friend for her daughter and Haruka’s family wanted me follow them to holiday in Korea next month. Many people gave applause to me and Haruka’s family. I was so touched. I felt to cry. I was fortunate having friend like Haruka, and knew Haruka’s family.

4. Exspositoritexs

a) Analytical exposition text

a. Definition of Analytical Exposition

Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer’s idea about the phenomenon surrounding; its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter[5].

b. Generic structure of Analytical Exposition

· Thesis: introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position.

· Argument 1: Explaining the argument to support the writer’s position.

· Argument 2: Explaining the other argument support the writer’s position more.

· Reiteration: restating the writer’s position

c. Language feature of Analytical Exposition

· Using relational process

· Using internal conjunction

· Using causal conjunction

· Using simple present tense

d. Example of the text

Tourism Benefit on Local People

What is the benefit of tourism for local people? Well, Tourism is now a huge contributor to the economies of most countries. Tourism industries can bring money, job vacancy and advancement especially to developing regions. However, this money often goes into the pockets of foreign investors, and only rarely benefits for local people.

Tourism industries will not give much benefit for local people if, for example, multinational hotel chains don't care about the surrounding nature when they build new hotels. This can cause many social, cultural and geographical problems.

Some local people may get job and money from that International hotel chain. However in case of missing that opportunity, some of them still have their own environment.

Moreover, some facts show that tourists tend to go, visit and spend their money in restaurants, bars and even luxury hotels of that multinational chains. They less go to such places; restaurant, bar, hotel, shop which are owned by local people. This can prevent the local people's business from becoming even larger.

Most important thing, tours or excursions of tourism have little effect on nature. Even it can disrupt or destroy ecosystems and environments, and if it does, the local people will get the risk.

So the local government policies should be put in place to ensure that tourism will make the benefit spreading widely. The policiesshould guarantee that tourism will not cause any harm to any local people or places.[6]

b) Hortatory exsposition text

a. Definition of Hortatory Exsposition text

Hortatory exposition is a text which represents the attempt of the writer to have the addresses do something or act in certain way.

b. Generic structure of Hortatory Exsposition

1. Thesis 2. Argument 3. Recommendation

c. Language feature of Hortatory Exsposition

1. Focusing on the writer

2. Using action verb

3. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely

4. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly

5. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy

6. Using abstract noun, policy

7. Using passing voice

8. Using simple present tense

d. Examples of Hortatory Exsposition

Cars should be banned in the city

Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.

Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world.

Cars emit a deadly gas that caused illnesses such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and ‘triggers’ off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.

Secondly, the city is very busy. Padestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrians in the city, which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killer.

Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you mind find it hard to sleep at night, or concentrate on your homework, and especially talk to someone

In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed[7]

5. Argumentation/discussion text

a. Definition discussion text

Discussion is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoint.Discussion is commonly foun in philoshopical, historic, and social text[8].

b. Generic structure of Discussion

· Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed

· List of supporting point; presenting the point in supporting the presented issue

· List of contrastive point; presenting other point which disagree to the supporting point

· Recommendation; stating the writer’s recommendation of the discourse

c. Language feature of discussion

· Introducing category or generic participant

· Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe

· Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hard, however

· Using modalities; must, should, could, may

· Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully

d. Examples discussion text

BUSSINESS

Business China’s market The reason of this level of popularity is very simple – if the company stars producing something in China it automatically gets high demand on its products. The rate of the return of their investments is very high and everybody seems to be in gain. But… The main point is that China gets way more.Chinese companies get western technologies and this becomes the leading power of their economics for the moment.

Competition in food industry essay As it has been mentioned before, on the key issues of the competition in the food industry is the quality of products. The quality of food-products is achieved through the well-coordinated process of cooperation of food retailers, manufacturers, suppliers of ingredients and food makers (Partos, 2005). If any of these links perform a disorganized and unqualified activity it always results in a damaged product and a damaged product is always a guarantor of health problems of the consumer.

Human Resource Development Essay HRD has radically changed in the last years and nowadays it corresponds to the demands on the level of large business organizations and governmental institutions. Its impact on the functioning of any organization is being analyzed by the major experts. What is one of the best sides of HRD is that it has become a synthesis of many vital global aspects including occupational psychology, organizational behavior and theories of learning.

Explain:

1. Subject

2. Verb

3. Object

4. Adverb

BAB III

PENUTUP

A. KESIMPULAN

Ternyata setelah kita sedikit kita kupas bahwasanya banyak jenis-jenis teks dalam bahasa inggris seperti; Narrative Texs, Descriptive Text, Recount Text, exspositori text (analytical & hortatory) dan argument/discussion text serta masih banyak yang lain lagi.

B. KRITIK DAN SARAN

Makalah yang saya buat kiranya masih jauh dari kata baik untuk itu saya mengharapkan kritik dan saran dari ibu guna perbaikan makalah-makalah untuk kedepannya atas perhatian ibu saya ucapkan terima kasih.

REFERENSI

Nawawimuhzin English for 3 grade 2013 smart quantum lampung

(Hanifa Rahmawati. Sastra Inggris 2010. Universitas Brawijaya)

http://www.belajarbahasainggrisku.com/2014/05/contoh-narrative-text-bahasa-inggris-.html

http://irvanfanorama.blogspot.com/2013/01/descriptive-text-gizapyramidz.html

http://www.englishindo.com/2012/01/9-contoh-recount-text-pilihan.html

"TheBanon Smoking in Public Places." 123HelpMe.com. 11 Aug 2012
<http://www.123HelpMe.com/view.asp?id=54620>.

[1]Muhzinnawawi,English for 3 grade. Lampung. Smart Quantum 2013

[2]http://www.belajarbahasainggrisku.com/2014/05/contoh-narrative-text-bahasa-inggris-.html

[3] http://irvanfanorama.blogspot.com/2013/01/descriptive-text-gizapyramidz-temple.html

[4] http://www.englishindo.com/2012/01/9-contoh-recount-text-pilihan.html

[5]Muhzinnawawi,English for 3 grade. Lampung. Smart Quantum 2013